The Committee learned that many innovative initiatives are underway to address HHR challenges in Canada, including in the areas of interprofessional collaborative practice, health information technology, health education models for rural medicine, and bridging programs for Aboriginal students and IEHPs. It is clear from the Committee’s study that thinking boldly and broadly about HHR is necessary to develop local and unique solutions that involve a wide range of health professionals from midwives to health information managers. The Committee learned that these innovative solutions have been made possible by continued collaboration and financial investments made by the federal government and the provincial and territorial governments, which began with the 2003 and 2004 agreements on health care reform. However, it remains clear that sustained results in addressing HHR challenges in Canada requires on-going collaboration between different levels of government, as well as leadership from the federal government in providing sustained and secure funding mechanisms geared towards: primary care reform, increasing the capacity of the health education system to train and integrate internationally educated health professionals, and increasing the number of Aboriginal health human resources. The federal government needs to be more effective in its promotion of collaborative planning in HHR with interested jurisdictions, either through existing mechanisms or the establishment of new ones. Its collaborative planning efforts and funding initiatives furthermore need to be linked with specific targets in order to be able to measure progress. Finally, the federal government also has a role to play in promoting the cultural shift towards IPC by addressing barriers to inter-professional care within its own jurisdiction. Moreover, it must continue to work hard to ensure that the population groups for which it has direct responsibility have access to the health professionals that they need. Without these changes, health care reform in Canada could remain merely a pilot project.