HESA Committee Report

Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) 2012

HESA, Evidence, Suzy McDonald (Associate Director General, Controlled Substances and Tobacco Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Department of Health), 21 October 2014, 1200.

• R. Polosa, et. al., “Effect of Smoking Abstinence and Reduction in Asthmatic Smokers Switching to Electronic Cigarettes: Evidence for Harm Reversal,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Health. 2014.
• K. Farsalinos and R. Polosa, “Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review,” Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2014.
• T. McAuley, et. al., “Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality,”. Inhalation Toxicology. 24 (12). 850-857, 2012.
• Z. Cahn and M. Seigal, (2011). “Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?” Journal of Public Health Policy. 2011.
• P. Caponnetto, et. al., “Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013.
• L. Dawkins, et. al., “The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition,” Addictive Behaviors. 37(8). 970-973, 2012.

References provided by the Electronic Cigarette Trade Association of Canada, circulated 21 October 2014.

• Dawkins L., “‘Vaping’ profiles and preferences: an online survey of e-cig users,” Addiction, 2013.
• Martin Dockrell, et al., “E-cigarettes: Prevalence and attitudes in Great Britain,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2013.

References provided by Charles Hamshaw-Thomas, Zandera, circulated 22 October 2014.

Witness was likely referring to the following studies:

• Tony R. Spindle, et. al., Preliminary Results of an Examination of Electronic Cigarette User Puff Topography: The Effect of a Mouthpiece-Based Topography Measurement Device on Plama Nicotine and Subjective Effects,” Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 2015, Vol. 17(2), pp. 142-149.
• Jeremie Blaser and Prof. Jacques Cornuz, Swiss-Vap Study: Preliminary report, April 2014.
• S R van Staden, et. al., “Carboxyhaemoglobin levels, health and lifestyle perceptions in smokers converting from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes,” The South African Medical Journal, Vol. 103, No. 11, 2013.

HESA, Evidence, Dr. Peter Selby (Chief, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health), 28 October 2014, 1125.

• Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians, Harm reduction in nicotine addiction: Helping people who can't quit, 2007.
• Witness also likely referring to an earlier version of Robert West, et. al., Trends in electronic cigarette use in England, Smoking in England, updated January2015.

• HESA, Evidence, Dr. John Britton (Professor of Epidemiology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies), 28 October 2014, 1200.
• West, et. al, also in references provided by Gopal Bhatnagar, circulated 12 November 2014, David Hammond, circulated 6 November 2014, and by Clive Bates, circulated 4 November 2014.

• Likely referring to M.L. Goniewicz, “Electronic Cigarettes Are a Source of Thirdhand Exposure to Nicotine,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014.
• L.M. Minaker, et. al., “Flavored Tobacco Use Among Canadian Students in Grades 9 Through 12: Prevalence and Patterns From the 2010–2011 Youth Smoking Survey,” Preventing Chronic Disease, 2014.

References provided by Dr. Peter Selby, circulated 29 October 2014.

Canadian Cancer Society (Quebec), “The Canadian Cancer Society’s exclusive study: 5,000 children have already tried an electronic cigarette in Grade 6! One in three high school students have already smoked it (142,000 youths),” Media releases, 13 August 2014.

HESA, Evidence, Mr. Rob Cunningham (Senior Policy Analyst, Canadian Cancer Society), 30 October 2014, 1145, and Mr. Manuel Arango (Director, Health Policy, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada), 1155.

• René A. Arrazola, “Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2011 and 2012,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 November 2013.
• M. L. Goniewicz, et. al., “A Rise in Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adolescents in Poland,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 2014; 55(5): 713–5. 

References provided by Clive Bates, circulated 4 November 2014.

Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework on Tobacco Control, Electronic nicotine delivery systems : Report by WHO, 21 July 2014.

HESA, Evidence, Dr. Milan Khara (Clinical Director, Smoking Cessation Clinic, Vancouver General Hospital), 4 November 2014, 1135.

Witness likely referring to Christine Czoli, et. al., “Electronic cigarettes in Canada: Prevelance of use and perceptions among youth and young adults,” Canadian Journal of Public Health, March/April 2014.

• HESA, Evidence, Dr. David Hammond (Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, As an Individual), 4 November 2014, 1155
• Also in references .provided in Heart and Stroke Foundation: E-Cigarettes in Canada, circulated 21 October 2014, by Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, circulated 25 November 2014, and by Dr. David McKeown, circulated 9 December 2014

• Angela Boak, et. al., Drug Use Among Ontario Students, Detailed OSDUHS [Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey] Findings, 1977-2013, Canadian Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 2013.

Reference provided by David Hammond, circulated 6 November 2014.

• N. L. Benowitz, “Clinical pharmacology of nicotine,” Annual Review of Medicine, 37: 21-32, February 1986.
• R. E. Bunnell, et. al., “Intentions to smoke cigarettes among never-smoking U.S. middle and high school electronic cigarette users, National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011–2013,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014.
• T. Cheng, “Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2013.
• N. K. Cobb, et. al., “Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: the rise of the “e-cigarette.” American Journal of Public Health. December 2010.
• J. F. Etter and C. Bullen, “A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users,” Addictive Behaviors, 39(2):491–4, 2014.
• Brian A. King, et. al., “Trends in awareness and use of electronic cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2010–2013.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014.
• M. B. Siegel, et. al., “Electronic cigarettes as a smoking-cesation tool: results from an online survey,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2011.
• M.A. Williams, et. al., “Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol.” PLoS One, 2013.
• Y. Zhang, et. al., “In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(2): 501-508, 2013.

References provided by U.S. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, circulated 7 November 2014.

• Igor Burstyn, “Peering through the Mist: Systematic Review of What the Chemistry of Contaminants in Electronic Cigarettes Tells Us about Health Risks,” BMC Public Health 14.1 (2014): 18.
• P. Hajek et. al., “Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers, and potential for harm and benefit,” Addiction, 2014.
• O.H. Robertson, et. al., “Tests for the Chronic Toxicity of Propylene Glycol And Triethylene Glycol on Monkeys and Rats by Vapor Inhalation and Oral Administration,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1947.
• Konstantinos E Farsalinos, et. al., “Acute Effects of Using an Electronic Nicotine-delivery Device (electronic Cigarette) on Myocardial Function: Comparison with the Effects of Regular Cigarettes,” BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2014.
• L. Biener and J.L. Hargraves, “A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Use in a Population-Based Sample of Adult Smokers: Association With Smoking Cessation and Motivation to Quit,” Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 2015.
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. World Health Organization IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 89. 2004.
• Eric R. Kandel and Denise B. Kandel. “A Molecular Basis for Nicotine as a Gateway Drug,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2014.
• M. L. Goniewicz, et. al., “Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2012.
• R. Polosa, “Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study,” BMC Public Health. 2011.

• References provided by Gopal Bhatnagar, circulated 12 November 2014.
• Goniewicz, et. al and Polosa also in references provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, circulated 7 November 2014.
• Burstyn also in references provided by the Electronic Cigarette Trade Association of Canada, circulated 21 October 2014. And by Clive Bates, circulated 4 November 2014.

Witness likely referring to Chris Bullen, et. al., “Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet, 16 November 2013.

• HESA, Evidence, Dr. Gaston Ostiguy (Chest Physician, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Chest Institute, As an Individual), 6 November 2014, 1145
• Also in references provided by Peter Selby circulated 29 October 2014 and by Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, circulated 25 November 2014.

• J. Brown, et. al., “Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study” Addiction, 2014.
• P. Callahan-Lyon, “Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects,” Tobacco Control, 2014.
• M. L. Goniewicz, et. al., “Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes,” Tobacco Control, 23(2), 133-139
• J. Czogala, et. al., “Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(6), 655-662

• References provided by Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, circulated 25 November 2014, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, circulated 7 November 2014.
• Goniewicz, et. all, references provided by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, circulated 7 November 2014.
• Brown, et. al. also in references provided by Clive Bates, circulated 4 November 2014.

Institut national de santé publique du Québec, La cigarette électronique: état de situation, mai 2013.

References provided by Canadian Cancer Society, circulated 27 November 2014

The witness referred to the following studies:

• Konstantino Farsialinos, et. al., “Common arguments criticizing electronic cigarettes in terms of use and safety, and science-based response,” 2014.
• Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, et. al., “Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014.

HESA, Evidence, Mr. Daniel David (Chair of the Board, Electronic Cigarette Trade Association of Canada), 27 November 2014, 1145.

Witness likely referring to:

• Daniel Kotz, et. al., “‘Real-world’ effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study,” Addiction, March 2014.
• Saul Shiffman, et. al., “The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015.

HESA, Evidence, Mr. David M. Graham (Senior Vice-President, Global Regulatory Affairs, NJOY), 27 November 2014, 1150.

Witness could be referring to UK report by Action on smoking and health, “Use of electronic cigarettes in Great Britain,” Fact sheet, October 2014, with respect to UK.

Witness likely referring to the following studies:

• M.L Goniewicz and W. Zielinksa-Danch, “Electronic cigarette use among teenagers and young adults in Poland,” Pediatrics, October 2012, with respect to Poland.
• Jaana Maarit Kinnunen, et. al., “Awareness and determinants of electronic cigarette use among Finnish adolescents in 2013: a population-based study,” Tobacco Control, 14 May 2014, with respect to Finland.

• HESA, Evidence, Ms. Melodie Tilson (Director of Policy, Non-Smokers' Rights Association), 2 December 2014, 1120.
• “Use of electronic cigarettes in Britain” also in references provided by Clive Bates, circulated 4 November 2014

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Notes from the Field: Electronic Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2011-2012,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)., 6 September 2013.
• Bridget K. Ambrose, et. al., “Perceptions of the Relative Harm of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes Among U.S. Youth,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2014.
• L.M. Dutra and S.A. Glantz, (2014). “Electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarette use among US adolescents: a cross-sectional study,” JAMA pediatrics, 2014;168(7):610-617.
• Sungkyu Lee, et. al., “Electronic Cigarette Use Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study of Market Penetration, Dual Use, and Relationship to Quit Attempts and Former Smoking,” Journal of Adolescent Health, November 2013.

References provided by Dr. Jennifer Russell, circulated 10 December 2014.

• Staff of Senator Richard J. Durbin et. al. Gateway to Addiction?: A Survey of Popular Electronic Cigarette Manufacturers and Targeted Marketing to Youth, 2014.
• S. E. Adkison, et. al., “Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey.” American journal of preventive medicine, 2013.
• M.B. Drummond, and D. Upson, “Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits,” Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2014.
• R. Grana, et al., “E-Cigarettes A Scientific Review.” Circulation, 2014.
• L. Kosmider, et. al., “Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors—Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014.
• J. Czogala, et. al., (2014). “Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014.
• W. Schober, et. al., “Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers,” International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2013.
• T. Schripp,.et. al., “Does e‐cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?” Indoor Air, 2013.
• A.D. Flouris, et. al., “Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function,” Inhalation toxicology, 2013, 25(2), 91-101.
• T. Eissenberg, (2010). “Electronic nicotine delivery devices: ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration,” Tobacco control, 19(1), 87-88, 2010.
• J.B. Dwyer et. al., “The dynamic effects of nicotine on the developing brain,” Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2009.
• M.L.Trehy, et. al., “Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 34(14), 1442-1458, 2011.
• J. K. Pepper and N.T. Brewer, “Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: A systematic review,” Tobacco Control, 0:1-10. doi: 10.1136, 2013. 
• C.J. Berg, et. al., “Cigarette Users’ Interest in Using or Switching to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems or Smokeless Tobacco for Harm Reduction, Cessation, or Novelty: A Cross-Sectional Survey of US Adults”. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, ntu103, 2014.
• M.B. Steinberg, et. al., “E-Cigarette Versus Nicotine Inhaler: Comparing the Perceptions and Experiences of Inhaled Nicotine Devices,” Journal of general internal medicine, 2014.
• L. Popova and P.M Ling, “Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study,” American journal of public health, 2013.
• K.A. Vickerman, et. al., “Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(10), 1787-1791, 2013.
• C. Bullen, et. al., “Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet, 2013.
• P. Caponnetto, et. al., “EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study,” PloS, 2013.
• J. L., Pearson, et, al., “e-Cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults,” American journal of public health, 2012.
• S. Lee, et. al. “Electronic cigarette use among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study of market penetration, dual use, and relationship to quit attempts and former smoking,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(6), 684-690, 2014.
• C. Vardavas, et. al., “Determinants and prevalence of e-cigarette use throughout the European Union: a secondary analysis of 26 566 youth and adults from 27 Countries,” Tobacco control, 2014.

• References provided by Dr. David McKeown, (Medical Officer of Health, Toronto Public Health), circulated 12 December 2014.
• Adkison, Grana, et. al.,Schripp, et. al., Schober, et. al., Flouris, et. al., and Czogala, et. al., also from references by Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, circulated 25 November 2014.
• Adkison also from references provided by Gopal Bhatnagar, circulated 12 November 2014; by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, circulated 7 November, 2014, also in references provided in Heart and Stroke Foundation: E-Cigarettes in Canada, circulated 21 October 2014.
• Grana, et. al. also in references provided in Heart and Stroke Foundation: E-Cigarettes in Canada, circulated 21 October 2014.
• Bullen, et. al.,Grana, et. al., Drummond and Upson, Kosmider, et. al., Flouris, et. al., Dwyer et. al. also in references provided by Dr. Peter Selby, circulated 29 October 2014.
• Vardavas, et. al., likely reference in references provided by Jean-Pierre Maltais, Les Magasins Vaporus, Inc., circulated 6 November 2014.
• Bullen et. al., Grana, et.al., Schripp, et. al., Vickerman, et. al., also in references provided by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, circulated 7 November 2014.