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HERI Committee Report

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APPENDICES

Appendix 7
A Brief History of the Internet

1958:

The Eisenhower administration creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in response to the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union.

1961:

Leonard Kleinrock writes the first paper on the theory of "packet switching." Packet switching eventually becomes the way all data is transmitted over the Internet.

1965:

ARPA funds a study on "cooperative network of time sharing computers."

1968:

ARPANet is launched. The network consists of four network connections (nodes) at UCLA, Stanford, The University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Utah.

1971:

ARPANet consists of 15 nodes with 23 host computers. Ray Tomlinson develops an e-mail application for ARPANet.

1972:

Tomlinson modifies the e-mail program and uses the '@' sign.

1973:

The first international connections to ARPANet (London England and Norway).

1974:

Launch of a commercial version of ARPANet.

1975:

Satellite links across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (to Hawaii and the United Kingdom).

1980:

Tim Berners-Lee creates a program that makes it possible to forge internal connections between files on a network.

1984:

Canada begins to connect Canadian universities. Introduction of Domain Name System (DNS).

1985:

All Canadians universities are connected to NetNorth.

1986:

National Science Foundation (NSF) creates NSFNET with a connection speed of 56 Kbps.

1987:

Number of hosts estimated to be more than 10,000.

1988:

Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Norway and Sweden connect to NSFNET.

1989:

The number of hosts estimated to be more than 100,000.

1990:

Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee developed the application to share documents with colleagues. Within a decade it becomes the most important application on the Internet.

1992:

Number of hosts estimated to be more than 1,000,000.

1993:

Internet talk radio begins.

1995:

Government of Canada goes online (canada.gc.ca). Netscape launched.

1998:

Canada launches the first national optical Internet — CA*net3.

2000:

Size of World Wide Web estimated to be more than 1,000,000,000 pages.

2001:

First uncompressed, real time High Definition Television (HDTV) transmission across a wide area Internet Protocol (IP) network takes place.

2002:

The number of hosts is estimated to be more than 160,000,000.